Each long vowel has a short partner — same mouth shape, clipped off quickly, usually written by adding ะ. Two extra spelling habits to know: when a syllable has a final consonant, short a is written with ◌ั above the consonant instead of ◌ะ (กับ gàp — 'with'), and the little ◌็ shortens เ◌ and แ◌ (เด็ก dèk — 'child'). A short vowel with no final consonant makes a syllable 'deadi' — which the tone rules care about a lot.
Vowel names all start with sara (สระ — “vowel”). Tap a card to hear the name, or the pill to hear a real word that uses it. Where a card shows more than one form, separated by slashes, the extra forms are how that vowel is written when a final consonant follows — the sound is exactly the same.